Solvents
The nuclear spin hyperpolarization using para-hydrogen (pH2) is strongly dependent on the choice of solvent. The following table shows a list of important parameters.
Various solvents:
| Solvent | Water solubility |
Boiling point [°C] |
Density [g/mL] |
Kinematic viscosity [mm2/s] |
Dynamic viscosity [mPa x s] |
Hyperpolarization |
| Chloroform | 8.09 g/L (20 °C) | 61 | 1.489 (25 °C) | 0.38 | 0.56 | PHIP-SAH |
| Methanol | yes | 64.7 | 0.7869 | 0.763 | 0.6 | SABRE |
| Acetone | yes | 56.05 | 0.79 | 0.4051 | 0.32 | PHIP |
| Water | yes | 100 | 0.997 | 1.012 | 1.0087 | PHIP |
| DMSO | yes | 189 | 1.1 |
1.94 | 2.14 | SABRE and PHIP |
| Ether | 69 g/L (20 °C) | ~35 | 0.71 | 0.324 | 0.23 | no data available |
| Benzene | 1.77 g/L | 80 | 0.88 | 0.6895 | 0.604 | no data available |
| Toluene | 520 mg/L | 111 | 0.87 | 0.6437 | 0.56 | no data available |
| Hexane | 9.5 mg/L | 68.5-69.1 | 0.6606 | 0.5 | 0.33 | no data available |
| Diethyl ether | 69 g/L | ~35 | 0.71 | 0.33 | 0.235 | no data available |
| Perfluoropentane | no | 28 | 1.63 (liquid, 25 °C) | 0.3066 | 0.4991 | no data available |
| Perfluorohexane | no | 57.14 | 1.691 | 0.4102 | 0.6915 | no data available |
| Perfluorooctane | no | 103-104 | 1.766 | 0.7689 | 1.360 | no data available |
| Perfluorononane | no | 125-126 | 1.799 (25 °C) | 0.9982 | 1.784 | no data available |